¹In Alabama, the supervising driver must be a parent, guardian, or driving instructor. At age 16, permit holders may drive with a licensed driver who is at least 21 years old.

²In Arizona, a driver education instructor can authorize an enrolled student who is age 15 to drive only while supervised by the authorizing instructor.

³In Arkansas, people age 14 can drive with an instruction permit after passing a written test. After passing a road test they are eligible for a learner's license. Unsupervised driving is not permitted by holders of either the instruction permit or learner's license. The combined holding period for the permit and restricted license is 6 months.

⁴In California, students enrolled in driver education may drive while supervised by an instructor. License applicants who do not take driver education must wait until age 18 for a license. They are not required to go through an intermediate license stage.

⁵In Colorado, the minimum permit age varies. Fifteen year-olds who are enrolled in driver education may apply for an instruction permit. Their supervising driver must be a parent, stepparent, grandparent, guardian, or driving instructor. A person age 15, 6 months may apply for an instruction permit which allows driving while supervised by a parent, stepparent, grandparent, or guardian. Although driver education is not required at this age, applicants for this permit must have completed a 4-hour driver awareness program. At 16, young drivers may apply for a permit that allows driving while supervised by a licensed driver age 21 or older.

⁶In Connecticut, either driver education or home training is required for license applicants younger than 18. Permit holders may not carry any passengers aside from the person providing instruction, parents, or guardians. Time spent practice driving with a professional instructor counts toward the 40-hour certification requirement. Before an applicant who is less than eighteen years of age may take the driver’s test, parents or guardians must attend two hours of instruction regarding teen driving laws and related issues with such applicant.

⁷In Delaware, a driver education student does not need a permit to drive with a driver education instructor. After completing the on-road requirements of driver education, a driver education student who is at least age 15 years, 10 months may apply for a Driver Education Learner's Permit, which allows the student to drive while supervised by an experienced driver. Upon completion of driver education, and if the student passes both the road and written tests, the student receives a Level 1 permit that for the first 6 months allows driving only while supervised. There also is a passenger restriction during the first 6 months of the Level 1 permit. No more than 1 passenger (family members excepted) is permitted in addition to the supervising driver. The Level 1 permit for the second 6 months is the equivalent of an intermediate license. During that period, holders may drive unsupervised between 6 am and 10 pm and may only carry 1 passenger. Applicants for a driver's license who are younger than 18 must have held a Driver Education Learner's Permit and/or a Level 1 permit for at least 12 months. Driver education is required for all license applicants younger than 18.

⁸In the District of Columbia, the learner's stage is mandatory for all license applicants, regardless of age. A nighttime restriction (9 pm-6 am) applies in the learner stage.

⁹In Florida, for the first three months, learners permit holders may not drive after sunset and thereafter may not drive after 10 p.m.

¹⁰In Idaho, license applicants younger than 17 must have completed driver education. There are 3 classes of learner's permits–a training instruction permit for persons 14, 6 months taking driver education; a supervised instruction permit for practice driving with a nonprofessional supervisor; and an instruction permit for persons younger than 17 who have completed driver education and supervised driving or for persons 17 and older without either driver education or supervised driving.

¹¹In Illinois, enrollment in driver education is required for permit applicants age 15; without driver education, a permit applicant must be age 17, 3 months.

¹²In Indiana, driver education determines the minimum age for permits and the intermediate license. People enrolled in or who have completed driver education must be age 15 to have a permit; otherwise, they must be age 16. The minimum age for an intermediate license is 16, 6 months with driver education; age 16, 9 months, without.

¹³In addition to the certification in the learner stage, Iowa requires a certification of 10 hours of supervised driving, 2 of which must be at night during the intermediate stage.

¹⁴In Kansas, drivers age 15 but not yet 16 may be granted a restricted license if they have completed driver training. Restricted license holders younger than 16 may not drive unless supervised other than to and from school or work via the most direct route and may not carry minor passengers other than siblings. To get a restricted license, applicants must have driven at least 25 of the 50 hours required for a full license and must have held an instruction permit for 12 months.

¹⁵The Kentucky law prohibits learner's permit holders from driving between midnight and 6 a.m. or from carrying more than 1 passenger younger than 20 unless supervised by a driving instructor.

¹⁶In Louisiana, driver education is required for a permit and an intermediate license if the applicant is younger than 17. People 17 and older must have completed an educational program that does not require a behind-the-wheel component.

¹⁷In Maine, driver education is required for a permit and a license if the applicant is younger than 18. The learner's permit holding period and the certification of practice driving applies to license applicants younger than 21.

¹⁸In Massachusetts, the night driving restriction for permit holders younger than 18 is midnight to 5 am, unless they are accompanied by a licensed parent or guardian.

¹⁹In Massachusetts, the requirement for supervised driving is 30 hours for applicants who have successfully completed a driver skills development program in a closed, off-road course licensed by the Registrar of Motor Vehicles.

²⁰In Michigan, permit applicants younger than 18 must have completed the first segment of driver education.

²¹In Minnesota, permit applicants younger than 18 must be enrolled in driver education.

²²In Minnesota, the permit holding period also applies to license applicants 18 and older unless they have completed driver education.

²³In Mississippi, license applicants 17 and older are exempt from the 12 month learner’s permit holding period.

²⁴In Montana, enrollment in or completion of driver education is required for permit applicants younger than 15.

²⁵In Nebraska, 14 year-olds who live 1.5 miles or more from school and who either live outside or attend school outside a metropolitan area may be issued a learner’s permit (called an “LPE permit”) and a limited license (called a “school permit”). The LPE permit authorizes supervised driving for the purpose of preparing for the school permit, which allows driving to and from school or anyplace while supervised by a parent or guardian.

²⁶New Hampshire does not issue learner's permits. At age 15, 6 months a person can drive while supervised by a licensed driver 25 or older.

²⁷In New Jersey, the permit becomes an intermediate license after 6 months. The graduated licensing law applies to adults, except that the night driving and passenger restrictions are waived for new drivers 21 and older. If the applicant has not completed driver education, the minimum permit age is 17 and the minimum intermediate license age is 17, 6 months. Learner's permit holders may not drive between 11 pm and 5 am and may carry only 1 passenger in addition to the supervising driver or any parent, guardian or dependant.

²⁸In New Mexico, permit applicants younger than 18 must be enrolled in driver education.

²⁹In New York, the minimum age for an unrestricted driver's license is 18 (17 if the applicant has completed driver education). The exception is New York City where driving is prohibited unless the driver is 18 or older. Effective, September 1, 2003, New York enacted a passenger restriction that applies to permit holders and license holders younger than 18 (17 if the applicant has completed driver education).

³⁰In North Carolina, driver education is required for permit applicants younger than 18.

³¹In North Carolina, learner’s permit holders may not drive between 9 pm and 5 am for the first 6 months.

³²In Oklahoma, fifteen year-olds may drive, but only while supervised by an instructor.

³³In Oklahoma, learner's permit holders may only operate a motor vehicle between the hours of 5:00 am and 10:00 pm.

³⁴In Oregon, driver education is required of license applicants younger than 18. However, it is waived for applicants who certify an additional 50 hours of supervised driving.

³⁵In Rhode Island, driver education is required of permit applicants younger than 18.

³⁶In South Dakota, learner's permit holders may not drive between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. unless under the supervision of their parent or guardian who is occupying a seat beside them.

³⁷Learner’s permit holders in Tennessee may not drive from 10 pm to 6 am.

³⁸In Texas, people who are 15 years of age or older but less than 18 years of age must satisfactorily complete and pass the classroom phase of an approved driver education course to be issued a permit.

³⁹In Texas, rules regulating supervised driving hours must be adopted by the commissioner of education no later than January 1, 2010 and implemented no later than May 1, 2010.

⁴⁰In Utah, permit holders younger than 18 may only drive under the supervision of a driving instructor, a parent or guardian, or a responsible adult who accepted liability for the permit holder's driving by signing the permit application. Regardless of age, permit applicants in Utah must be enrolled in driver education.

⁴¹In Utah, supervised driving in the learner stage may include up to 5 hours in a driving simulator.

⁴²In Virginia, the night driving restriction and passenger restriction (no more than 1 passenger younger than 18) apply to learner's permit holders.

⁴³In Washington, permit applicants must be enrolled in driver education; otherwise the minimum permit age is 15, 6 months.

⁴⁴In West Virginia, learner’s permit holders younger than 18 may not drive 10 pm-5 am and may not carry more than 2 passengers in addition to the supervising driver.

⁴⁵In Wisconsin, enrollment in driver education is required for permit applicants younger than 18. During the learner’s stage, permit holders may carry 3 passengers if supervised by a driving instructor in a dual-control vehicle. Permit holders 16 and older may carry 1 passenger 25 or older who has been licensed at least 2 years.